The rapid increase in population has accelerated industrial development, making wastewater purification difficult due to dyestuffs. High concentrations of dyes are widely used in the pharmaceutical, food, cosmetics, leather, and especially textile industries. Since dyes are designed to resist environmental factors such as sunlight and moisture, conventional treatment methods are generally inadequate. Among alternative treatment methods, biodegradation is cost-effective and environmentally friendly, and fungi are efficient agents for dye removal. Malachite Green, a trimethylolethane-based dye, is widely used in industry and discharged into wastewater, where it is difficult to remove. As a persistent pollutant, it poses risks to both human health and the ecosystem. In this study, Aspergillus versicolor was employed for the removal of Malachite Green dye. Experiments were conducted by varying temperature, dye concentration, and incubation time. Removal efficiencies of A. versicolor were evaluated daily at 25 °C, 30 °C, and 35 °C using different dye concentrations. The highest removal efficiency (93.12%) was achieved on the 2nd day at 35 °C with a concentration of 50 mg/L. This optimum condition was then used in the phytotoxicity phase of the study. Lens culinaris (green lentil) seeds were selected for the phytotoxicity test to evaluate potential ecological risks. Results indicated that the biosorption process did not show toxic effects, confirming the environmentally safe application of fungal biodegradation for dye removal.

This study evaluated twelve commercial wheat varieties using major agronomic and quality-related yield components, including seed yield (Seed Y), heading date (Heading D), plant height (Plant H), seed number per spike (Seed N/Sp), seed weight per spike (Seed W/Sp), thousand seed weight (Thou SW), and test weight (Test W). Descriptive statistics revealed considerable phenotypic variation among genotypes, indicating strong genetic diversity in both yield potential and kernel quality characteristics. Correlation analysis showed that Seed N/Sp and Seed W/Sp were positively and strongly associated with Seed Y, supporting the widely recognized “seed number × seed weight” principle of wheat yield formation. Path analysis identified Seed W/Sp and Seed N/Sp as the most influential components, showing the highest direct effects on yield. Thousand seed weight and test weight contributed mainly through indirect effects, highlighting their secondary but supportive roles in shaping final productivity. Plant height also exhibited a meaningful direct effect, demonstrating the contribution of biomass production and source–sink relationships to seed filling. K-means clustering (k = 3) effectively separated the twelve varieties into high-yield/high-quality, low–moderate-yield, and morphologically distinct late-heading groups. High-performing varieties such as Yunus, Tosunbey, Bezostaja, and Nacibey clustered together due to superior seed number, seed weight, and kernel density traits. Random Forest regression, while limited in predictive accuracy due to dataset size, reinforced the central importance of Seed N/Sp and Seed W/Sp as key predictors of yield variability. Overall, the integrated statistical and multivariate framework clearly demonstrates that seed yield in bread wheat is predominantly governed by seed number and seed weight, while kernel quality traits provide additional indirect support. These results offer valuable insights for breeding programs aiming to identify superior parents and design ideotypes with improved yield performance

In this study, antimictobial activity, fatty acid composition and macro and micro element analysis of chicory plant collected from the lime plateau located on Kaman Mountain in Kahramanmaraş/Göksun district were investigated. The aqueous extract of chicory plant showed the highest inhibition zone with a diameter of 6.4 mm against Candida albicans ATCC14053. The methanol extract created a 6.2 mm inhibition zone against Candida albicans ATCC14053. Ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of chicory plant created 7 mm and 9 mm against Candida albicans ATCC14053, respectively. Among saturated fatty acids, palmitic acid was found to be the most abundant at 31.823%, while behenic acid was found to be the least at 1.448%. Among unsaturated fatty acids, oleic acid was found to be present at the highest level at 42.163%, while linoleic acid was found to be present at the lowest level at 11.586%. Among macro elements, calcium was found to be present at the highest level at 23950 mg/kg, while sodium was found to be present at the lowest level at 233.3 mg/kg. Among micro elements, iron was found to be present at the highest level at 448.4 mg/kg, while copper was found to be present at the lowest level at 0.0116 mg/kg. As a result, it was revealed that chicory has anticandidal activity and is rich in palmitic and oleic acids.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different top-dressing fertilizer application timings (U1-U6) on yield and yield components of two bread wheat genotypes (Çağdaş and Ahmetağa). The research was conducted in Eskişehir conditions during the 2023-2024 growing season, using a factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design with three replications. This study, plant height, spike length, number of grains per spike, grain weight per spike, thousand kernel weight (TKW), and grain yield were measured. Statistical analyses showed that top-dressing timing (Application) and genotype (Variety) had highly significant (p<0.01) effects on all traits. Furthermore, the Variety x Application interaction was also statistically significant for all parameters. The highest average yield (430 kg/da) and the best yield component values were generally obtained from the U3 and U4 applications, corresponding to the stem elongation and early booting stages. The Çağdaş cultivar showed better overall performance with higher plant height, spike length, TKW, and final yield, while Ahmetağa had a higher number of grains per spike. The results indicate that the optimal top-dressing timing is genotype-dependent, and cultivar-specific management strategies must be developed to maximize yield.